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    Home » Chemical Composition of Glass » Silicate Glass » the Basic Method of Producing Silicate Glass » Chemical Composition of Glass

    Chemical Composition of Glass


    Glass-forming substances are oxides (SiO2,  B2O3, P2O5, TeO2, GeO2), fluorides (AlF3), sulfides and other substances. Depending on the main glass-forming agent used, the glasses are oxidic (silicate, quartz, germanate, phosphate, borate), fluoride, sulfide, and so on.

    The most common is silicate glass - one of the oldest materials that mankind has learned to create from time immemorial. And in composition, the current glass is not much different from the oldest. Only the manufacturing technology has changed, and the useless impurities in the composition have become much less.

    Tinted and Colored Glass
    Tinted and Colored Glass

    The basic method for producing silicate glass is to melt a mixture of silica sand (SiO2), soda (Na2CO3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The result is a compound of the composition Na2O·CaO·6SiO2.


    70-75% of silicon dioxide (SiO2) as the main component contains in the glass. It is obtained from quartz sand, subject to its corresponding granulation and purity. Venetians used for this pure sand from the river Po, or even deliberately imported it from Istria. Bohemian glassmakers received sand from pure quartz.

    The second component, calcium oxide (CaO), makes the glass chemically resistant and enhances its luster. For the glass, it is taken in the form of lime. Ancient Egyptians received calcium oxide from the crushed stone of seashells, and in the Middle Ages, it was prepared from the ashes of trees or algae, since limestone was not yet known as a raw material for making glass. The first to mix chalk with the glass mass were Bohemian glassmakers in the 17th century.
    Colored Glass Doors
    Colored Glass Doors

    The next part of the glass are oxides of alkali metals - sodium (Na2O) or potassium (K2O), necessary for melting and manufacturing glass. Their share is about 16-17%. They go to glass in the form of soda (Na2CO3) or potash (K2CO3), which at high temperatures decompose into oxides. Soda was first obtained by leaching seaweed ash and in an area remote from the sea, potash was used, derivable by leaching the ashes of beech or coniferous trees.

    There are three main types of glass: soda-lime glass (1Na2O: 1CaO: 6SiO2), potash-lime glass (1K2O: 1CaO: 6SiO2), potash-lead glass (1K2O: 1PbO: 6SiO2).

    Margaret
    Chemical Composition of Glass Silicate Glass the Basic Method of Producing Silicate Glass
    Friday, July 5, 2019

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